Posts Tagged ‘from’
Free Accounting software from the Results Academy.com
www.theresultsacademy.com – The Small Business Coaching Club that guarantees results with your marketing and accounting software
how does a cpa or bookkeeper get the transactions from clients to enter into ledger?
Do they pick it up daily, every other day. Or how does that general process work?
Payroll Accounting Software from Cougar Mountain
Payroll Software that eliminates the cost and hassle of outsourcing your business payroll. Handles many different pay methods, for multiple state employees. Tracks all withholding taxes with ease, and prints your tax forms for you.
Excel2Sage: How to import Nominal Ledger Journals into Sage 50 from Excel
Excel2Sage .. import data from Excel to Sage 50 with just ONE click! This short video shows how easy it is to import Nominal Ledger Journals in to Sage 50 from Excel. Please have a look on the website under Tutorials for other import examples including Customer, Suppliers, Stock, Sales Invoices, Purchase Invoices, Sales Orders, Purchase Orders, Product Invoices, Service Invoices, Stock Transactions, Nominal Ledger Journals, Bank receipts, Bank Payments, …. Please feel free to contact us if you have any queries or requiremts. We look forward to discussing your needs and to providing you with a solution. ara@excel2sage.co.uk www.excel2sage.co.uk 0800 311 2191
Posting from Bank Reconciliation: Sage ERP MAS 90, 200 and EES v4.4 Product Update 3
You can now post to General Ledger directly from Bank Reconciliation. This video demonstrates how! For additional training on enhancements made to Sage ERP MAS 90 and 200, visit Sage University as www.SageU.com.
Italy From The Inside EBook
The Definitive Survival Guide For Travelers. Unique e-Book Targeting First Time Travelers To Italy. Ideal For Agencies, Schools.
Italy From The Inside EBook
Basic Accounting Software – Development from Manual Accounting!
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Home Page > Computers > Software > Basic Accounting Software – Development from Manual Accounting!
Basic Accounting Software – Development from Manual Accounting!
Posted: Jan 10, 2010 |Comments: 0
| Views: 106
|
Basic accounting software programs are trouble-free to use programs sold by various software companies. All of these accounting software really allow an equal sort of functions and outputs however with different degrees of complexity.
In earlier years, establishments relied on a more manual course for meeting their accounting requirements. Accounting personnel of the organization wrote up registers; vouchers, files etc and these were in the shape of paper or hard copies. But, as the size of companies grew and the volume of business transactions for each business, manual accounting was replaced with computerized versions.
You can locate accounting software in diverse categories. The simpler versions are in reality intended for a single user or perhaps a few more that are on a limited computer group. Identified as basic accounting software, they are used for smaller establishments that have simply one office in one location; such as, shops, traders or your neighborhood corner merchant. These easier programs just give a narrow amount of data storage which meets the needs of smaller companies.
There are drawbacks to using merely basic accounting software:
1. Not a lot of flexibility: Simple basic accounting software by and large has restricted data handling and/or storage capacity. Most businesses grow, so this kind of accounting program might be too chancy to go with. All business environments change abruptly these days so it is key to success to get bigger and spread and this kind of software might cause problems to owners and managers of organizations. Consequently, it is of utmost emphasis to measure your business well so that you don’t make an incorrect choice about your accounting requirements to guarantee a lucrative future.
2. Options for reporting are restricted: Generating or creating multiple, user defined reports is a major benefit to utilizing accounting software. You might wish to create reports for sales, profits and loss, cash flow, or others. Plain, basic accounting software in general have confined reporting choices like Trial Balance, Cash Book, Sales/Purchase Register etc, however more complex ones are normally not obtainable. Additionally, modified user-defined reports cannot be produced in most incidences. Usually, reports need to be modified and made to order as per necessities of a precise business goal. Use of this type of program may not be helpful even if a business is small given that they may need to initiate multiple and distinctive kinds of reports.
But don’t worry, there are some advantages of using basic software.
To begin, it isn’t costly to own. An exceedingly worthy criteria to investigate when selecting a program is the cost facet concerned. Advanced accounting software, like mainframe based or ERP based software, usually provide astonishing kind, flexibility and reporting choices, however they cost a lot to buy and maintain them. A smaller business possibly wouldn’t have the server space that an advanced system would need.
Next, they are furthermore economical to keep up, in the manner they do not require dedicated support vendors providing expensive annual maintenance contracts. You can keep, debug and service these basic programs yourself.
Thirdly, end users find it simple to infer and follow basic accounting software. They normally do not use complicated logics and other syntaxes which their high end counterparts use and are therefore effortlessly understood by common man more rapidly.
Therefore, it is safe to say that the evaluation as to whether to use basic accounting software needs to be analyzed by the business owner comparing needs to benefits and faults. But certainly, the size of the business and the budget it has, will always play a great role in the result on which accounting programs to make use of for their purposes.
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Tony Blanco -
About the Author:
Tony Blanco runs a website regarding business accounting software. Hopefully you have found this article useful regarding basic accounting software that is available for use today. To find more accounting solutions for businesses, please visit => www,allbusinessaccountingsoftware.com
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Tony Blanco runs a website regarding business accounting software. Hopefully you have found this article useful regarding basic accounting software that is available for use today. To find more accounting solutions for businesses, please visit => www,allbusinessaccountingsoftware.com
Sage 50 : How to import into Sage 50 from Excel with just ONE click
Thsi video shows how data can be imported from Excel to Sage 50 using ExcelTOSage using just ONE click. ExcelTOSage caters for various types of transactions including Customers, Suppliers, Stock records, Sales Invoices, Purchase Invoices, General Ledger Journals, Stock transactions, Inter multi company sales purchase invoices, Inter multi company stock transfers, Inter multi company general Ledger Journals, ….
Mechanics of Percentage-of-Completion Accounting FROM POME BY GAUTAM KOPPALA VT
Mechanics of Percentage-of-Completion Accounting:
In the simplest sense, a ratio of the percentage of completion is determined and applied to the expected gross profit on the contract to determine the gross profit and revenue to be recognized in the financial statements.
Two typical methods of measuring the percentage of completion are:
The cost-ratio method, which uses the ratio of actual contract costs incurred during the reporting period to total estimated contract costs.
The effort-expended method, which uses the ratio of some measure of the work input during the reporting period, such as labor hours, machine hours or material quantities, to the total units of that measure of work required to complete the contract. This method assumes that profits on the contract are derived from the contractor’s efforts rather than from the acquisition of materials or other tangible items.
Many other techniques will be found in practice, including combinations of the above, or the application of these methods to different phases and cost codes of the same contract.
For a remodeled, the most important subsidiary ledger is job cost, which accumulates the costs for each job. The sum of the costs entered in this ledger must agree with the general ledger for a variety of reasons:
When jobs cross year-ends, the job-cost subsidiary ledger survives the closing of the books for the year and is the only record covering the entire life of the job.
It is the only reliable way of actually keeping track of cost on a job because it is controlled by the general ledger’s balancing system (part of internal control).
Under the percentage-of-completion method, all cost and progress billing against a contract are accumulated in revenue and cost accounts of the general ledger and the job-cost ledger until the period in which the contract is completed, at which time the costs and billings are transferred to income and expense accounts and the job’s subsidiary record is closed out.
At the end of the accounting period, an adjusting journal entry must be prepared to adjust the revenue recognized on jobs that are in progress based upon the estimated percentage of job completion as of that date. That journal entry is reversed on the first day of the next reporting period.
In computing percentage of completion, only four items need to be pulled from your job-cost accounting records.
Cost to date = total costs incurred on the job from inception through the end of the accounting period.
Billings to date = total billings (draws) taken on the job from inception through the end of the accounting period.
Current contract = original contract plus change orders executed through the end of the accounting period.
Total estimated costs = current estimate of total anticipated costs on the job. This estimate should be updated to account for any projected budget overruns or under runs as well as include estimated costs on all change orders included within the current contract amount.
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POME Prescribe:
About What You Eat
ü Remember GIGO? Garbage in, Garbage out: Eat low-energy fast food and be prepared for irritability, mood swings, and blood sugar swings. Eat healthy, wholesome and nutritious meals to bring out the best in you.
Gautam Koppala,
POME Auhor
GAUTAM KOPPALA, With over
Accounting Schedules from POME by Gautam Koppala
Accounting Schedules:
What is accounting management?
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Normally the small and medium Project managers wont be involving in the Accounting schedules of their respective Organizations, but for a macro Projects of a company, do decide the fate of the company, and hence Project Managers involve in the accounting schedules, especially a Projects like International AirPort, large refineries and space programmes.
It also involves the Project Managers of the Business Implementation Projects, which starts with an opportunity, with a business concept. And concludes When the process is operational, When the process has been running smoothly for a defined period, When the business benefits are starting to become visible( assessed through accounting) Which evaluates When the process has been running smoothly( sustained accounting figures) for a defined period and When the business benefits are starting to become visible. Over the lifetime of the process. The project produces an operationally effective process, through the figures of accounting.
Though the small time managers does not involve in accounting schedule, but recommended to study the accounting schedule in this POME Chapter in order to know hoe we are directly or indirectly responsible to stake holders, how the Property of our organization is asses, how the financial statements denote, where the future of the organization to be.
Accounting information is generally used for three distinct purposes:
Internal reporting to project managers for day-to-day planning, monitoring and control.
Internal reporting to managers for aiding strategic planning.
External reporting to End Users, government, regulators and other outside parties.
To complete this introduction to accounting, some additional terms and concepts need explanation. The first of these is GAAP, generally accepted accounting principles.
From time to time you will hear people talk about GAAP (pronounced “gap”), perhaps asking if such and such has been handled according to GAAP. GAAP has been defined by the Accounting Principles Board as follows: “Generally accepted accounting principles encompass the conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time.”
This definition is not particularly helpful, especially to the nonaccountant. However, because all public companies and most others prepare their financial statements and accounting information according to GAAP, what it means, and what GAAP really does, is assure that financial information is prepared consistently and may be understood in the same way as other financial information similarly prepared. Therefore, GAAP assures that analysts and other readers of financial statements should understand the same structures and descriptions the same way and can compare financial statements and arrive at reasonable and supportable conclusions.
Other accounting terms such as accrual accounting, materiality, and auditor’s opinion also create confusion. This is an appropriate place to define some of these terms as well.
Accruals and accrual accounting recognize that it is important to match revenues and expenses in the same time period. They also acknowledge that the recording of accounting transactions cannot always be completed quickly enough to produce timely, usable financial statements. Accruals, therefore, are accounting transactions that estimate revenues, or more probably, expenses so that the period’s financial reports will reflect that period’s results appropriately. Accruals also reflect transactions that were not really complete at the end of the accounting period but that should be reported. An example of such is Accrued Wages, wages earned during the period, but not due or payable at the end of that period. For example, assume that December 31 falls on a Wednesday and that payday is Friday. The wages earned in December should be reported as December transactions, but the amount so earned is not due or payable on December 31, the end of the accounting period. The wages earned through December 31 will, therefore, be accrued, charged into the December accounting period.
Materiality is another attempt to make the accounting process reasonable. Some transactions are really very small relative to the operations of the entire business, but to be perfectly accurate, need to be recognized. The concept of materiality acknowledges that if we try to account for all the transactions at the end of a period, we may spend far more time or energy than will be worthwhile when compared to the value of the transactions involved. Therefore, GAAP recognizes that if not accounting for such a transaction properly will not change the quality or usefulness of the overall financial information, the transaction may be deemed “not material.” Accountants have agreed that if a transaction is not material, it does not have to be completed or reported if such reporting will delay the completion of the reporting. Therefore, you may hear people talk about some information as not being material.
The auditor’s opinion is one place where GAAP and materiality come together. All public companies and many other companies employ outside auditors to review the accounting information to assess their accuracy and completeness. The auditor reviews the records and transactions of the company and provides an opinion as to whether or not they “present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the company as of December 31, XXXX.” Analysts, investors, management, and others use this opinion as an assurance that a competent outsider has reviewed the accounting information and found it sound. These people then feel they can rely on the information to make Project Managerial or investment decisions.
Sometimes, the auditors believe that there is a problem with the company or its records. They will, under those circumstances, issue a “qualified” opinion and explain the qualification they have identified. The users of the financial statements, thus informed, can make appropriate decisions. The management, after receiving a qualified opinion, will be under great pressure to correct whatever deficiency has been identified.
Similarly, auditors may decline to express an opinion, known as a “Disclaimer,” if they do not feel there is sufficient assurance of accuracy and completeness in the financial information provided by the company. In the most negative circumstances, the auditor may issue an “Adverse Opinion,” stating that in their opinion the financial statements presented by the company do not “present fairly” the financial condition as at the identified dates. Adverse opinions have all kinds of negative consequences and companies try to avoid them if at all possible.
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External reports are constrained to particular forms and procedures by contractual reporting requirements or by generally accepted accounting practices. Preparation of such external reports is referred to as financial accounting. In contrast, cost or managerial accounting is intended to aid internal managers in their responsibilities of planning, monitoring and control.
Project costs are always included in the system of financial accounts associated with an organization. At the heart of this system, all expense transactions are recorded in a general ledger. The general ledger of accounts forms the basis for management reports on particular projects as well as the financial accounts for an entire organization. Other components of a financial accounting system include:
The accounts payable journal is intended to provide records of bills received from vendors, material suppliers, subcontractors and other outside parties. Invoices of charges are recorded in this system as are checks issued in payment. Charges to individual cost accounts are relayed or posted to the General Ledger.
Accounts receivable journals provide the opposite function to that of accounts payable. In this journal, billings to clients are recorded as well as receipts. Revenues received are relayed to the general ledger.
Job cost ledgers summarize the charges associated with particular projects, arranged in the various cost accounts used for the project budget.
Inventory records are maintained to identify the amount of materials available at any time.
We use some consistent and easily applied tools to provide a context and a framework for conducting the analysis. Keep these questions in mind throughout this POME Chapter and whenever you are looking at financial information.
Comparative Analysis
Financial analysis is generally cast as a comparative analysis, in a comparative analytical structure. The comparisons are based on the current company information and either industry or competitive information or historic company information. When the comparison is to other companies in the industry, whether identified as direct and specific competitors or as averages drawn from industry summaries, the analysis is described as cross-sectional or competitive analysis. It serves to benchmark a company against other members of its industry and gives management an idea of the company’s relative performance.
This kind of analysis, however, is often of limited Project Managerial use because the companies in an industry are frequently not comparable, particularly if the company is relatively small. In addition, companies often define their data differently, making comparisons difficult. Also, management philosophies differ, resulting in different practices and choices of financing and operations, again making comparisons difficult.
If you choose to undertake an industry or competitive analysis, it is important to have reliable source data and to understand their limitations. There are a number of published sources for industry data and they are presented in a number of ways. Here are a few industry data sources:
Dun & Bradstreet (D&B)
Drawn from corporate filings and company-provided information, D&B statistics provide information by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code, which in 2002 officially replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code system, which had been in place for many years as a classification system used by the United States Census Bureau to categorize companies by the type of business they do. NAICS, first adopted in 1997, was updated in 2002 and will be updated again in 2007. It was developed to “provide new comparability in statistics about business activity across North America,” according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s web-site. However, whereas company-provided data are summarized and presented by D&B, they are not independently validated or confirmed.
Risk Management Association (RMA), formerly Robert Morris Associates (RMA)
Drawn from information provided by the bank members of RMA, industry data are presented in quartile form. (There is some belief that, because they come from filings made with their banks, the company-provided data may be more reliable than data from some other sources. RMA also segregates its quartile data into company-size quartiles as well.
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Trade Associations
Trade association data may be more specific than D&B or RMA data by general NAICS code, but it may be of limited value because of reporting rules. For example, the trade association, mindful of the confidential nature of proprietary information, may restrict data that would identify a specific company. This renders the comparisons of limited value.
Investment Analysts
Investment analysts publish industry data as part of the investment research function. Here, too, the particular opinions and biases of the analysts may influence the presentation of data. Investment analysts are frequently employed by investment advisory firms and their use of ratios and other performance data may be chosen to bolster their analysis and the opinions they are expressing.
Financial ratios are frequently presented as quartile data. The quartiles represent the average ratios for companies falling at the respective quartiles, in terms of annual sales volume, within their industry, usually determined by NAICS.
Trend Analysis
By contrast to industry comparison, comparing a company to itself over time, called historic or trend analysis, permits the analyst to track progress. In most cases, whether financial or not, an analyst looking at historic analysis knows whether the company is improving. If a company is improving year after year, that is good. Even if it trails the industry averages, continuous improvement is a predictor that it won’t be behind for long.
The chart in Exhibit below highlights the limitations of an industry comparison and the clarity of historic analysis at the same time. For this reason, many analysts try to incorporate elements of both types of analysis into their assessment.
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Assumptions in the below Accounting Schedules for better understanding:
GG ORG(“the POME assumed Company”) financial statements, assumed the year ended 31 March 2006, taken to illustrate the methodology in normal Operations in big corporates.
‘Accounting Standards’ issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India have been implemented in the presentation of these financial statements.
Work in progress (WIP) to be valued at material cost.
Finished goods are always to be valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value. Cost is determined on the basis of first in first out method and includes labour cost absorbed on a pre-determined basis.
Traded goods are to be valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on the basis of first in first out method and includes expenses incurred in bringing the same to its current location.
Raw Materials and components are to be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined on the basis first in first out method and includes all costs in bringing the inventories up to its present location and condition.
‘Cost’ is defined as being all expenditure which has been incurred in bringing the product or service to its present location and condition
Consumables and stores as and when purchased are expensed as consumption. The value of such items at the period end is not significant.
The manufacturing overheads are not absorbed for the purpose of inventory valuation as the same is not material.
Stocks do not include:goods purchased for which liabilities have not been provided; and
Goods returned by customers without credit to their accounts.
Provision, when material, has been made for :loss to be sustained in the fulfilment of, or inability to fulfil, any sales commitments.
loss to be sustained as a result of purchase commitments for inventory or other assets at quantities in excess of normal requirements or at prices in excess of prevailing market prices.
loss resulting from defaults in principal, interest, sinking fund or redemption provisions with respect to any issue of share or loan capital or credit arrangement, or any breach of covenant of an agreement.
1.  Significant accounting Schedule policies
Basis of preparation of financial statements
The financial statements must have been prepared and presented under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis of accounting and comply with the Accounting Standards issued by the Chartered Accountants of respective regions and the relevant provisions of the respective regions Companies Acts and norms, to the extent applicable.
Assumptions:
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities on the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Any revision to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and future periods.
The financial statements in this POME Chapter are presented in thousands of Indian rupees.
Fixed assets and depreciation
Fixed assets are to be carried at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated depreciation. The cost of fixed assets also includes the exchange differences (favorable as well as unfavorable) arising in respect of foreign currency liabilities incurred for the purpose of their acquisition or construction from a country.
Borrowing costs related to the acquisition or construction of the qualifying fixed assets for the period up to the completion of their acquisition or construction are capitalized. Acquired intangible assets are recorded at the consideration paid for acquisition.
Leases under which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases.
Depreciation is provided on the straight-line method from the beginning of the month in which the asset is ready for use. If the management’s estimate of the useful life of a fixed asset at the time of acquisition of the asset or of the remaining useful life on a subsequent review is shorter than that envisaged in the aforesaid schedule, depreciation is provided at a higher rate based on the management’s estimate of the useful life/remaining useful life. Pursuant to this policy, depreciation on assets has been provided at the rates based on the following POME estimated useful lives of fixed assets:
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Asset Category
Useful life
(Years)
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Buildings
30
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Plant and machinery
12
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Office equipment
16
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Air conditioner
8
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Data processing equipment
5
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Computer software
3
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Furniture and fixtures
10
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Vehicles
5
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Licenses and technical knowhow
5 to 6
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Equipment leased to others
12
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Freehold land is not depreciated. Assets individually costing certain specified amount, are depreciated fully in the year of purchase. Depreciation is charged on a proportionate basis for all assets purchased and sold during the year.
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Leased assets to be depreciated over the lease term or the useful life, whichever is shorter.
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Advances paid towards acquisition of fixed assets and the cost of assets acquired but not ready for use as at the balance sheet date are disclosed under capital work-in-progress.
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Investments
Long-term investments to be carried at cost less any other-than-temporary diminution in value, determined separately for each individual investment.
Inventories
(i)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Inventories to be carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
(ii)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Cost comprising purchase price and all incidental expenses incurred in bringing the inventory to its present location and condition. The method of determination of cost is as follows:
Raw materials and components – on a first in first out method.
Work-in-progress – includes cost of conversion.
Stores and spares – on a first in first out method.
Manufactured finished goods – includes costs of conversion.
Traded finished goods – at landed cost on a first in first out method.
(iii)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The comparison of cost and net realizable value is made on an item-by-item basis.
(iv)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The net realizable value of work-in-progress is determined with reference to the net realizable value of related finished goods. Raw materials and other supplies held for use in production of inventories are not written down below cost except in cases where material prices have declined, and it is estimated that the cost of the finished products will exceed their net realizable value.
(v)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The provision for inventory obsolescence is assessed on a quarterly basis and is provided as considered necessary.
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Retirement benefits
Contributions to superannuation fund, which is a defined contribution scheme, are to be made at pre-determined rates to the Life Insurance Corporations of the respective regions, on a monthly basis.
Gratuity and leave encashment costs, which are defined benefit schemes, are accrued based on actuarial valuation at the balance sheet date, carried out by an independent actuary.
Contributions payable to the recognized provident fund, which is a defined contribution scheme, are charged to the profit and loss account.
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Revenue recognition
Revenue from sale of both manufactured and traded goods, including scrap, is to be recognized on transfer of all significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. The amount recognized as sale is exclusive of sales tax and trade and quantity discounts. The Company must provide for probable sales returns on an estimated basis based on past trends as a reduction from revenue. Revenue from sale of goods has been presented both gross and net of excise duty, if applicable.
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Software services comprise income from time and material contracts. Revenue from time and material contracts is recognized on the basis of software developed and billable in accordance with the terms of the contract with the clients.
Income from annual maintenance contracts is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the period of the contract, over which the service is delivered.
Commission on sales comprises income earned on sales orders procured on behalf of its group companies and is recognized on shipment of goods by such group company.
Lease rental income is recognized when billable in accordance with the terms of the contract with the clients.
Interest on deployment of surplus funds is recognised using the time proportionate method based on underlying interest rates.
Foreign exchange transactions
Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of the respective transaction. Exchange differences arising on foreign exchange transactions settled during the year are recognized in the profit and loss account of the year, except that exchange differences related to acquisition of fixed assets from a country outside India are adjusted in the carrying amount of the related fixed assets.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as at the balance sheet date are translated at the closing exchange rates on that date; the resultant exchange differences are recognized in the profit and loss account except those related to acquisition of fixed assets from a country outside India which are adjusted in the carrying amount of the related fixed assets.
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Warranties
Warranty costs are estimated by the management on the basis of a technical evaluation and past experience. Provision is made for estimated liability in respect of warranty costs in the year of sale of goods.
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Provisions and contingent liabilities
The Company must recognize, a provision when there is a present obligation as a result of a past event that probably requires an outflow of resources and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. A disclosure for a contingent liability is made when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. Where there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.
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Ø    Income taxes
Income-tax expense comprises current tax (i.e. amount of tax for the period determined in accordance with the income-tax law) and deferred tax charge or credit (reflecting the tax effects of timing differences between accounting income and taxable income for the year). The deferred tax charge or credit and the corresponding deferred tax liabilities or assets are recognized using the tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent there is reasonable certainty that the assets can be realized in future; however, where there is unabsorbed depreciation or carried forward loss under taxation laws, deferred tax assets are recognised only if there is a virtual certainty of realization of such assets.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each balance sheet date and written down or written-up to reflect the amount that is reasonably/virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realized. The Company offsets, on a year on year basis, the current tax assets and liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right and where it intends to settle such assets and liabilities on a net basis.
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Impairment of assets
The Company must assess at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication that an asset including goodwill may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If such recoverable amount of the asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an impairment loss and is recognised in the profit and loss account. If at the balance sheet date there is an indication that if a previously assessed impairment loss no longer exists, the recoverable amount is reassessed and the asset is reflected at the recoverable amount. In respect of goodwill the impairment loss will be reversed only when it was caused by specific external events and its effect has been reversed by subsequent external events.
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Earnings/loss per share
The basic and diluted earnings/(loss) per share are computed by dividing the net profit/(loss) attributable to equity shareholders for the year by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the year. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive equity shares outstanding during the year.
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In traditional bookkeeping systems or PMIS, day to day transactions are first recorded in journals. With double-entry bookkeeping, each transaction is recorded as both a debit and a credit to particular accounts in the ledger. For example, payment of a supplier’s bill represents a debit or increase to a project cost account and a credit or reduction to the company’s cash account. Periodically, the transaction information is summarized and transferred to ledger accounts. This process is called posting, and may be done instantaneously or daily in computerized systems.
In reviewing accounting information, the concepts of flows and stocks should be kept in mind. Daily transactions typically reflect flows of dollar amounts entering or leaving the organization. Similarly, use or receipt of particular materials represents flows from or to inventory. An account balance represents the stock or cumulative amount of funds resulting from these daily flows. Information on both flows and stocks are needed to give an accurate view of an organization’s state. In addition, forecasts of future changes are needed for effective management.
Information from the general ledger is assembled for the organization’s financial reports, including balance sheets and income statements for each period. These reports are the basic products of the financial accounting process and are often used to assess the performance of an organization. Table below shows a typical income statement for a small construction firm, indicating a net profit of $ 330,000 after taxes. This statement summarizes the flows of transactions within a year.
TABLE Illustration of an Accounting Statement of Income
Income Statement
for the year ended December 31, 20xx
Gross project revenues
Direct project costs on contracts
Depreciation of equipment
Estimating
Administrative and other expenses
Subtotal of cost and expenses
Operating Income
Interest Expense, net
Income before taxes
Income tax
Net income after tax
Cash dividends
Retained earnings, current year
Retention at beginning of year
Retained earnings at end of year
$7,200,000
5,500,000
200,000
150,000
650,000
6,500,000
700,000
150,000
550,000
220,000
330,000
100,000
230,000
650,000
$880,000.</< td>
Table below shows the comparable balance sheet, indicated a net increase in retained earnings equal to the net profit. The balance sheet reflects the effects of income flows during the year on the overall worth of the organization.
TABLE Illustration of an Accounting Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20xx
Assets
Amount
Cash
Payments Receivable
Work in progress, not claimed
Work in progress, retention
Equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation
Total assets
$150,000
750,000
700,000
200,000
1,400,000
$3,200,000
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities
Accounts payable
Other items payable (taxes, wages, etc.)
Long term debts
Subtotal
Shareholders’ funds
40,000 shares of common stock
(Including paid-in capital)
Retained Earnings
Subtotal
Total Liabilities and Equity
$950,000
50,000
500,000
1,500,000
820,000
880,000
1,700,000
$3,200,000
Notes to the accounts
As a result, complementary procedures to those used in traditional financial accounting are required to accomplish effective project control, as described in the preceding and following sections. While financial statements provide consistent and essential information on the condition of an entire organization, they need considerable interpretation and supplementation to be useful for project management. This POME Chapter is designed to identify and define the key standard Financial Reports and Metrics required by Company Corporate Leadership to consistently and systematically measure financial results and key performance indicators across all the Strategic Business Groups (SBGs), where an SBG is defined as an operating business unit
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The first main section of this POME Chapter, General Guidelines and Definitions, is intended to address the overarching concepts found throughout this POME Chapter. The second section, Financial Reports and Metrics, addresses the standard reports required by Corporate including account names and metric calculation detail. The Key Concepts section provides links to term definitions used throughout the POME Chapter.
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The Corporate Business Analysis and Planning organization owns the content of this POME Chapter. Any questions or suggestions should be directed through the SBG Controller/FP&A Leader.
Company has an existing Corporate Controllers’ Policy that may help clarify some of the points made within this document.
Any exceptions or deviations to these policies and procedures require prior, written consent by the Corporate Controllers and Corporate Business Analysis and Planning (BAP) departments. General Guidelines and Definitions
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Financial reports and metrics are compiled by the Company Finance function and reported to Corporate leadership and operating business unit management; however, at the discretion of the Strategic Business Group (SBG) or Strategic Business Unit (SBU), additional reports and metrics may be used for their own internal management reporting purposes.
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Operating business units may not alter metric calculations or report to Company Corporate metrics using definitions other than those described in this POME Chapter. Operating business units are encouraged to minimize the proliferation of financial reports and metrics that differ in format and content than those described in this POME Chapter.
Financial Management
Financial Management (FM) is Company’s standard financial reporting system. It is the source of all financial data used for external reporting and internal management reporting purposes. The FM account code structure is based on Company’s common Chart of Accounts (COA) and uses the convention of parent and child accounts.
“External” View
SBG financial information contained in these reports and the basis for the metric calculations captures revenues and margins based on an “external” view in which inter-company (between SBGs) transactions are excluded. Even though internally driven revenues are reported separately by each SBG, externally generated revenues and margins are the key measures for evaluating each SBG’s contribution to Company’s Net Income. SBG external sales and corresponding margins are used for external reporting purposes and for internally measuring operating results.
“Measurement Basis”
The term “Measurement Basis” is used to identify key SBG Income Statement financial data such as Operating Income Measurement Basis or Net Income Measurement Basis. This term simply indicates that standard General Ledger Income Statement components have been adjusted to reflect adjustments approved by the Corporate Controller’s department (i.e. Corporate assessments). Company’s Corporate Financial Management (FM) system facilitates the adjustments and reporting of “Measurement Basis” financial data which is used for measuring the SBG’s operating results.
Comparative Analysis Formats
Comparison data shown in dollar amounts or percentages uses the convention of positive numbers or percentages equating to favorable variances, and negative numbers or percentages equating to negative variances versus the comparison period(s).
Gautam Koppala,
POME Author
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GAUTAM KOPPALA, With over